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Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza refers to an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the invasion of avian influenza virus into the human body. It is classified as a class B infectious disease, subject to the prevention and control measures of class A infectious diseases stipulated in the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. The main subtypes of human avian influenza viruses include: H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, H7N7, H9N2, H10N8, H7N4, H3N8, etc. The severity of clinical manifestations varies with different subtypes.
It can be classified into mild and severe cases based on clinical symptoms.
For H9N2 and H7N7 subtype infections, the majority of patients exhibit mild symptoms, mainly fever accompanied by upper respiratory tract infection symptoms.
For H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, and other subtypes, mild cases are less common, with the majority being severe cases. The disease progresses rapidly, with severe pneumonia appearing within 3 to 7 days of onset. Most patients have a sustained fever of over 39°C, accompanied by difficulty breathing and possibly hemoptysis, with a high mortality rate.
Flu-like symptoms such as high fever (usually above 39°C, lasting from 1 to 7 days), cough, sputum, sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose, difficulty breathing, headache, muscle aches, and general malaise.
Pneumonia occurs in about half of patients and may be accompanied by pleural effusion.
This disease should be distinguished from the following conditions:
Other types and subtypes of influenza;
Common cold, other respiratory or gastrointestinal virus infections;
Mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydial pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, and infectious atypical pneumonia, etc.
Pathological examination is the most important method for differentiation.
Due to significant individual differences, there is no absolute best, fastest, or most effective medication. In addition to commonly used over-the-counter medications, the most suitable drugs should be chosen in consultation with a doctor based on individual circumstances.
Antiviral drugs: Under the guidance of a doctor, antiviral drugs such as zanamivir and oseltamivir should be selected and used as early as possible to significantly alleviate symptoms and shorten the duration of illness.
Antibiotics: If bacterial infection occurs, antibiotics should be used rationally under medical advice, and overuse should be avoided.
Patients should actively cooperate with isolation treatment to prevent the spread of the virus to others or cross-infection; rest is essential, and bed rest is recommended for severe cases; increase fluid intake and consume high-calorie, high-protein, light, and easily digestible foods.
Management of infection sources: Isolate patients or suspected patients as early as possible, cordon off the epidemic area, and cull infected poultry.
Cut off the transmission route: Avoid contact with patients or suspected avian influenza patients as much as possible. If contact is necessary, wear masks, gloves, and isolation clothing.
Protect susceptible populations: Do not raise poultry at home, try to avoid visiting live poultry markets, avoid contact with poultry and their excreta; when in contact with sick poultry or patients, take personal protective measures, wear masks and gloves; develop good hygiene habits, wash hands frequently, and use alcohol-based hand sanitizers; thoroughly cook poultry before consumption, and avoid eating raw or undercooked poultry or eggs. Separate cutting boards for raw and cooked food; high-risk individuals (those with a history of close contact with poultry) can consider using oral antiviral drugs for prevention.
